Floral scent and pollinators of the holoparasite Pilostyles thurberi (Apodanthaceae)
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.26786/1920-7603(2014)4Abstract
Floral scent is likely important to the pollination of parasitic plants, despite that it has not been well-studied. We studied the pollination ecology of the North American stem holoparasite Pilostyles thurberi (Apodanthaceae) at two field sites in Texas. To identify effective pollinators, we collected floral visitors to P. thurberi flowers, observed their foraging behavior, and looked for P. thurberi pollen on their bodies. Augochloropsis metallica bees (Halictidae) and eumenine potter wasps (Vespidae) were pollinators. P. thurberi flowers are visually inconspicuous but produce a strong fruity fragrance. GC/MS analysis of whole floral extracts and dynamic headspace samples revealed the fragrance to be an unusually simple bouquet of raspberry ketone and several eugenols. Comparison of scent profiles to those from uninfected host plants (Dalea formosa) allowed putative separation of parasite and host volatiles. This is the first report of the constituents of floral fragrance in Apodanthaceae.
References
Barrett, SCH, Harder LD, and Cole WW (1994) Effects of flower number and position on self-fertilization in experimental populations of Eichhornia paniculata (Pontederiaceae). Functional Ecology 8: 526-535. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/2390078
Beattie A (1971) A technique for the study of insect-borne pollen. Pan-Pacific Entomologist 47:82.
Beattie AJ, Hughes L (2002) Ant-plant interactions. In: Herrera CM, Pellmyr O (eds) Plant-Animal Interactions: An Evolutionary Approach. Blackwell Publishing, Malden, MA.
Bellot S, Renner SS (2013) Pollination and mating system of Apodanthaceae and the distribution of reproductive traits in parasitic angiosperms. American Journal of Botany 100:1083-1094. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3732/ajb.1200627
Blarer A, Nickrent DL, Endress PK (2004) Comparative floral structure and systematics in Apodanthaceae (Rafflesiales). Plant Systematics and Evolution 245:119-142. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00606-003-0090-2
Cane, JH (2006) An Evaluation of Pollination Mechanisms for Purple Prairie-clover, Dalea purpurea (Fabaceae: Amorpheae). American Midland Naturalist 156: 193-197. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1674/0003-0031(2006)156[193:AEOPMF]2.0.CO;2
Cane JH, Weber M, Miller S (2012) Breeding biologies, pollinators, and seed beetles of two prairie-clovers, Dalea ornata and Dalea searlsiae (Fabaceae: Amorpheae), from the intermountain west, USA. Western North American Naturalist 72:16-20. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3398/064.072.0102
Casaña-Giner V, Oliver JE, Jang EB, Carvalho L (2003) Syntheses and behavioral evaluation of fluorinated and silylated analogs of raspberry ketone as attractants for the melon fly, Bactrocera cucurbitae (Coquillett). Journal of Entomological Science 38:111-119. DOI: https://doi.org/10.18474/0749-8004-38.1.111
Croat T (1978) Flora of Barro Colorado Island. Stanford University Press, Stanford CA.
Darwin C (1859) On the origin of species by means of natural selection. London: Murray.
Dell B, Burbidge AH (1981) Notes on the biology of Pilostyles (Rafflesiaceae) in Western Australia. W. Austral. Herb. Res. Notes 5:71-79.
Dodson CH, Dressler RL, Hills HG, Adams RM, Williams NH (1969) Biologically active compounds in orchid fragrances. Science 164:1243-1249. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1126/science.164.3885.1243
Epple AO (1995) A Field Guide to the Plants of Arizona. Falcon Publishing. Helena, Montana.
Filipowicz N, Renner SS (2010) The worldwide holoparasitic Apodanthaceae confidently placed in the Cucurbitales by nuclear and mitochondrial gene trees. BMC Evolutionary Biology 10:48. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2148-10-219
Gomes AL, Fernandes GW (1994) Influence of parasitism by Pilostyles ingae (Rafflesiaceae) on its host plant, Mimosa naguirei (Leguminosae). Ann. Bot. 74:205-208. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1006/anbo.1994.1110
Gomez LD (1983) Rafflesiaceae. In: Burger W (ed) Flora Costaricensis, vol. 13. Fieldiana Botany, Chicago, IL, pp 89-93.
Hurd PDJ (1979) Superfamily Apoidea. In: Krombein KV, Hurd PDJ, Smith DR, Burkers BD (eds) Catalog of Hymenoptera in American North of Mexico. Smithsonian Press, Washington, D.C.
Johnson SD, Burgoyne PM, Harder LD, Dötterl S (2010) Mammal pollinators lured by the scent of a parasitic plant. Proceedings of The Royal Society B 278:2303-2310. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2010.2175
Kummerow J (1962) Pilostyles berterii Guill., eine wenig bekannte Rafflesiacee in Mittelchile. Zeits. Bot. 50:321-337.
Larsen M, Poll M (1990) Odour thresholds of some important aroma compounds in raspberries. Zeitschrift für Lebensmittel-Untersuchung und -Forschung 191:129-131. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01202638
Lucero ME, Estell RE, Sedillo RL (2005) The composition of Dalea formosa oil determined by steam distillation and solid-phase microextraction. Journal of Essential Oil Research 17: 645-647. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/10412905.2005.9699022
Marvier MA (1996) Parasitic plant-host interactions: plant performance and indirect effects on parasite-feeding herbivores. Ecology 77:1398-1409. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/2265537
McIntosh M (2005) Pollination of two species of Ferocactus: interactions between cactus-specialist bees and their host plants. Functional Ecology 19:727-734. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2435.2005.00990.x
Nickrent DL, Blarer A, Qiu Y-L, Vidal-Russell R, Anderson FE (2004) Phylogenetic inference in Rafflesiales: the influence of rate heterogeneity and horizontal gene transfer. BMC Evolutionary Biology 4:40. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2148-4-40
Nogueira PCdL, Bittrich V, Shepherd GJ, Lopes AV, Marsaioli AJ (2001) The ecological and taxonomic importance of flower volatiles of Clusia species (Guttiferae). Phytochemistry 56:443-452. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9422(00)00213-2
O’Neill KM (2001) Solitary wasps: behavior and natural history. Cornell University Press, Ithaca, NY. DOI: https://doi.org/10.7591/9781501737367
Raguso RA, Pellmyr O (1998) Dynamic headspace analysis of floral volatiles: A comparison of methods. Oikos 81:238-254. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/3547045
Raguso RA (2008) Wake up and smell the roses: The ecology and evolution of floral scent. Annual Review of Ecology, Evolution, and Systematics 39:549-569. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.ecolsys.38.091206.095601
Renner SS, Ricklefs RE (1995) Dioecy and its correlates in the flowering plants. American Journal of Botany 82:596–606. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/j.1537-2197.1995.tb11504.x
Rutherford RJ (1970) The anatomy and cytology of Pilostyles thurberi Gray (Rafflesiaceae). Aliso 7:263-288. DOI: https://doi.org/10.5642/aliso.19700702.13
Saitta M, Salvo F, Di Bella G, Dugo G, La Torre GL (2009) Minor compounds in the phenolic fraction of virgin olive oils. Food Chemistry 112:525-532. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2008.06.001
Shuttleworth A, Johnson SD (2010) The missing stink: sulphur compounds can mediate a shift between fly and wasp pollination systems. Proceedings of the Royal Society B 277: 2811-2819. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2010.0491
Tan KH, Nishida R (1995) Incorporation of raspberry ketone in the rectal glands of males of the Queensland fruit fly, Bactrocera tryoni Froggatt (Diptera: Tephritidae). Applied Entomology and Zoology 30:494-497. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1303/aez.30.494
Tan KH, Nishida R (2005) Synomone or kairomone? – Bulbophyllum apertum flower releases raspberry ketone to attract Bactrocera fruit flies. Journal of Chemical Ecology 31:497-507. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10886-005-2023-8
Tholl D, Röse USR (2006) Detection and identification of floral scent compounds. In: Dudareva N, Pichersky E (eds) Biology of Floral Scent. CRC Press, Boca Raton FL, pp 3-26. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1201/9781420004007-1
Thomson JD (1986) Pollen transport and deposition by bumble bees in Erythronium: influences of floral nectar and bee grooming. Journal of Ecology 74:329–341. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/2260258
Troncoso AJ, Cabezas NJ, Faúndez EH, Urzúa A, Niemeyer HM (2010) Host-mediated volatile polymorphism in a parasitic plant influences its attractiveness to pollinators. Oecologia 162:413-425. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00442-009-1478-7
Vainstein A, Lewinsohn E, Pichersky E, Weiss D (2001) Floral fragrance. New inroads into an old commodity. Plant Physiology 127:1383-1389. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1104/pp.010706
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2014 Sedonia D Sipes, Kara E. Huff Hartz, Hardik Amin, Daniel L. Nickrent
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
