Benefits of Cross-Pollination in Vegetable Soybean Edamame

Cross-Pollination in Vegetable Soybean Edamame

Authors

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.26786/1920-7603(2023)728

Keywords:

Reproductive system, floral supplementation, plant mating system, flower strip, crop

Abstract

Dependence on cross-pollination varies widely among wild and cultivated plant species. Even among crops that are less dependent on outcrossing, such as soybean (Glycine max L.), cross-pollination can improve fruit quality and commercial value. There is a growing body of literature regarding the role of insect pollination in soybean; however, there is a knowledge gap on the intersection between the reproductive system of soybean and its pollination ecology. To address this gap, we first sought to characterize the reproductive system of vegetable soybean (edamame) in terms of benefits and reliance on outcrossing using three traditional experimental pollination scenarios in field conditions: open pollination, automatic selfing (pollinator-exclusion), and hand cross-pollination (controlled crossing). We also tested whether proximity to floral supplements planted on one edge of the field affected its reproductive outputs, and surveyed the floral visitors of the crop. Overall, we found a significant increase in fruit weight among open-pollinated plants compared to those in the automatic selfing treatment, with this effect accentuated with proximity to the flower strip. Despite open pollinated flowers having 30% higher flower abortions rates compared to automatic selfing, the number of developed seeds per fruit was similar among these treatments, with open-pollination having a greater proportion of commercial grade-A fruits. Additionally, grade-A fruits in open-pollination and hand cross-pollination treatments were similar in weight, both of which were significantly heavier than those in the automatic selfing treatment. Although edamame can automatically self, our results suggest that reproductive outputs including fruit weight and number of commercial grade-A fruits are positively affected by cross-pollination and proximity to floral supplements.

Author Biographies

Kathleen Ciola Evans, University of Maryland

PhD student in Entomology at the University of Maryland

 

Jenan El-Hifnawi, University of Maryland

Research Technician in the Entomology Department at the University of Maryland 

 

Cerruti Hooks, University of Maryland

Professor & Extension Specialist in the Entomology Department at the University of Maryland

 

Anahí Espíndola, University of Maryland

Assistant Professor of Entomology at the University of Maryland   

References

Albrecht M, Kleijn D, Williams NM, Tschumi M, Blaauw BR, Bommarco R, Campbell AJ, Dainese M, Drummond FA, Entling MH, Ganser D, Groot GA de, Goulson D, Grab H, Hamilton H, Herzog F, Isaacs R, Jacot K, Jeanneret P, Jonsson M, Knop E, Kremen C, Landis DA, Loeb GM, Marini L, McKerchar M, Morandin L, Pfister SC, Potts SG, Rundlöf M, Sardiñas H, Sciligo A, Thies C, Tscharntke T, Venturini E, Veromann E, Vollhardt IMG, Wäckers F, Ward K, Wilby A, Woltz M, Wratten S, Sutter L (2020) The effectiveness of flower strips and hedgerows on pest control, pollination services and crop yield: a quantitative synthesis. Ecology Letters 23:1488–1498. https://doi.org/10.1111/ele.13576 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/ele.13576

Albrecht M, Knecht A, Riesen M, Rutz T, Ganser D (2021) Time since establishment drives bee and hoverfly diversity, abundance of crop-pollinating bees and aphidophagous hoverflies in perennial wildflower strips. Basic and Applied Ecology 57:102–114. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.baae.2021.10.003 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.baae.2021.10.003

Bates D, Mächler M, Bolker B, Walker S (2015) Fitting Linear Mixed-Effects Models Using lme4. Journal of Statistical Software 67:1–48. https://doi.org/10.18637/jss.v067.i01 DOI: https://doi.org/10.18637/jss.v067.i01

Blaauw BR, Isaacs R (2014) Larger patches of diverse floral resources increase insect pollinator density, diversity, and their pollination of native wildflowers. Basic and Applied Ecology 15:701–711. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.baae.2014.10.001 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.baae.2014.10.001

Blettler DC, Fagúndez GA, Caviglia OP (2018) Contribution of honeybees to soybean yield. Apidologie 49:101–111. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13592-017-0532-4 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s13592-017-0532-4

Blitzer EJ, Dormann CF, Holzschuh A, Klein A-M, Rand TA, Tscharntke T (2012) Spillover of functionally important organisms between managed and natural habitats. Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment 146:34–43. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agee.2011.09.005 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agee.2011.09.005

Brown AO, McNeil JN (2006) Fruit production in cranberry (Ericaceae: Vaccinium macrocarpon): a bet-hedging strategy to optimize reproductive effort. American Journal of Botany 93:910–916. https://doi.org/10.3732/ajb.93.6.910 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3732/ajb.93.6.910

Burd M (1998) “Excess” Flower Production and Selective Fruit Abortion: A Model of Potential Benefits. Ecology 79:2123–2132. https://doi.org/10.1890/0012-9658(1998)079[2123:EFPASF]2.0.CO;2 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1890/0012-9658(1998)079[2123:EFPASF]2.0.CO;2

Carlson JB, Lersten NR (2004) Reproductive Morphology. In: Soybeans: Improvement, Production, and Uses. John Wiley & Sons, Ltd, pp 59–95. https://doi.org/10.2134/agronmonogr16.3ed.c3 DOI: https://doi.org/10.2134/agronmonogr16.3ed.c3

Cunha NL da, Chacoff NP, Sáez A, Schmucki R, Galetto L, Devoto M, Carrasco J, Mazzei MP, Castillo SE, Palacios TP, Vesprini JL, Agostini K, Saraiva AM, Woodcock BA, Ollerton J, Aizen MA (2023) Soybean dependence on biotic pollination decreases with latitude. Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment 347:108376. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agee.2023.108376 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agee.2023.108376

Djanaguiraman M, Prasad PVV, Boyle DL, Schapaugh WT (2013) Soybean Pollen Anatomy, Viability and Pod Set under High Temperature Stress. Journal of Agronomy and Crop Science 199:171–177. https://doi.org/10.1111/jac.12005 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/jac.12005

Egli DB, Bruening WP (2006) Fruit development and reproductive survival in soybean: Position and age effects. Field Crops Research 98:195–202. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fcr.2006.01.005 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fcr.2006.01.005

Erickson EH (1975) Effect of honey bees on yield of three soybean cultivars. Crop Science 15:84–86. https://doi.org/10.2135/cropsci1975.0011183X001500010025x DOI: https://doi.org/10.2135/cropsci1975.0011183X001500010025x

Erickson EH, Berger GA, Shannon JG, Robins JM (1978) Honey bee pollination increases soybean yields in the Mississippi Delta Region of Arkansas and Missouri. Journal of Economic Entomology 71:601–603. https://doi.org/10.1093/jee/71.4.601 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/jee/71.4.601

Fehr WR (Walter R), Hadley HH, American Society of Agronomy., Crop Science Society of America. (1980) Hybridization of crop plants. American Society of Agronomy, Madison, Wis.

Free JB (1993) Insect pollination of crops. 2nd ed. Academic Press, London.

Fujita R, Ohara M, Okazaki K, Shimamoto Y (1997) The Extent of Natural Cross-Pollination in Wild Soybean (Glycine soja). Journal of Heredity 88:124–128. https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.jhered.a023070 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.jhered.a023070

Garibaldi LA, Schulte LA, Nabaes Jodar DN, Gomez Carella DS, Kremen C (2021) Time to integrate pollinator science into soybean production. Trends in Ecology & Evolution 36:573–575. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tree.2021.03.013 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tree.2021.03.013

Gill KA, O’Neal ME (2015) Survey of soybean insect pollinators: community identification and sampling method analysis. Environmental Entomology 44:488–498. https://doi.org/10.1093/ee/nvv001 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/ee/nvv001

Goulet H, Huber JT (John T, Canada. Agriculture Canada. Research Branch. (1993) Hymenoptera of the world: an identification guide to families. Centre for Land and Biological Resources Research, Ottawa, Ont.

Haaland C, Naisbit RE, Bersier L-F (2011) Sown wildflower strips for insect conservation: a review: Wildflower strips for insect conservation. Insect Conservation and Diversity 4:60–80. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1752-4598.2010.00098.x DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1752-4598.2010.00098.x

Hartig F, Lohse L (2022) DHARMa: Residual Diagnostics for Hierarchical (Multi-Level / Mixed) Regression Models. R package version 0.2.6. https://cran.r-project.org/web/packages/DHARMa/vignettes/DHARMa.html (Accessed 3 Dec 2023)

Huais PY, Grilli G, Amarilla LD, Torres C, Fernández L, Galetto L (2020) Forest fragments influence pollination and yield of soybean crops in Chaco landscapes. Basic and Applied Ecology 48:61–72. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.baae.2020.09.003 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.baae.2020.09.003

Johnson HW, Bernard RL (1962) Soybean genetics and breeding. In: Norman AG (ed) Advances in Agronomy. Academic Press, Volume 14, pp 149–221. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0065-2113(08)60438-1 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0065-2113(08)60438-1

Justus CM, Paula-Moraes SV, Pasini A, Hoback WW, Hayashida R, Bueno A de F (2022) Simulated soybean pod and flower injuries and economic thresholds for Spodoptera eridania (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) management decisions. Crop Protection 155:105936. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cropro.2022.105936 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cropro.2022.105936

Kaur S, Nayyar H, Bhanwra RK, Kumar S (2005) Precocious germination of pollen grains in anthers of Soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr.). Soybean Genet Newsletter 32:1–10.

Kearns CA, Inouye DW (1993) Techniques for pollination biologists. University Press of Colorado, Niwot, Colorado.

Klein A-M, Vaissière BE, Cane JH, Steffan-Dewenter I, Cunningham SA, Kremen C, Tscharntke T (2007) Importance of pollinators in changing landscapes for world crops. Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 274:303–313. https://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2006.3721 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2006.3721

Kokubun M, Shimada S, Takahashi M (2001) Flower abortion caused by preanthesis water deficit is not attributed to impairment of pollen in soybean. Crop Science 41:1517–1521. https://doi.org/10.2135/cropsci2001.4151517x DOI: https://doi.org/10.2135/cropsci2001.4151517x

Konovsky J, Lumpkin TA, McClary D (2020) Edamame: The Vegetable Soybean. In: O’Rourke AD (ed) Understanding the Japanese food and agrimarket, 1st edn. CRC Press, pp 173–181. https://doi.org/10.1201/9781003075172-15 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1201/9781003075172-15

Kovács‐Hostyánszki A, Espíndola A, Vanbergen AJ, Settele J, Kremen C, Dicks LV (2017) Ecological intensification to mitigate impacts of conventional intensive land use on pollinators and pollination. Ecology Letters 20:673–689. https://doi.org/10.1111/ele.12762 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/ele.12762

Lee T, Tran A, Hansen J, Ash M (2016) USDA ERS - Major factors affecting global soybean and products trade projections. https://www.ers.usda.gov/amber-waves/2016/may/major-factors-affecting-global-soybean-and-products-trade-projections/ (accessed December 2022)

Levenson HK, Sharp AE, Tarpy DR (2022) Evaluating the impact of increased pollinator habitat on bee visitation and yield metrics in soybean crops. Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment 331:107901. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agee.2022.107901 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agee.2022.107901

Li X, Rideout S, Strawn L, Welbaum G, Kuhar T, Chen P, Reiter M, Zhang B (2023) Edamame in Virginia II: Producing a high-quality product. HortScience 54:92–94. https://doi.org/10.21273/HORTSCI13631-18 DOI: https://doi.org/10.21273/HORTSCI13631-18

MacLaren C, Storkey J, Menegat A, Metcalfe H, Dehnen-Schmutz K (2020) An ecological future for weed science to sustain crop production and the environment. A review. Agronomy for Sustainable Development 40:24. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13593-020-00631-6 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s13593-020-00631-6

McClure A (2022). Chapter 2: Tennessee Soybean Production Handbook Growth Stages. University of Tennessee Extension. https://utcrops.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/11/PB-1912-B-Soybean-Handbook-Ch2-WEB.pdf (accessed September 2023)

Milfont M, Rocha EEM, Lima AON, Freitas BM (2013) Higher soybean production using honeybee and wild pollinators, a sustainable alternative to pesticides and autopollination. Environmental Chemistry Letters 11:335–341. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10311-013-0412-8 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10311-013-0412-8

Oguro M, Taki H, Konuma A, Uno M, Nakashizuka T (2019) Importance of national or regional specificity in the relationship between pollinator dependence and production stability. Sustainability Science 14:139–146. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11625-018-0637-3 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11625-018-0637-3

Palmer RG, Gai J, Sun H, Burton JW (2001) Production and Evaluation of Hybrid Soybean. In: Janick J (ed) Plant Breeding Reviews. John Wiley & Sons, Inc., Oxford, UK, pp 263–307. https://doi.org/10.1002/9780470650196.ch7 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/9780470650196.ch7

Pando, J. B., Djonwangwé, Denis, Moudelsia, O. B., Fohouo, F.-N. T., Tamesse, J. L. (2019) Insect pollinators and productivity of soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr. 1917] at Maroua, Far North, Cameroon. World Journal of Advanced Research and Reviews 4:117–129. https://doi.org/10.30574/wjarr.2019.4.2.0101 DOI: https://doi.org/10.30574/wjarr.2019.4.2.0101

Panthee DR (2010) Varietal improvement in soybean. In: Singh G (ed) The soybean: botany, production and uses. CABI: Wallingford, UK, pp 92–112. https://doi.org/10.1079/9781845936440.0092 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1079/9781845936440.0092

Peterson CM, Mosjidis CO, Dute RR, Westgate ME (1992) A flower and pod staging system for soybean. Annals of Botany 69:59–67. https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.aob.a088307 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.aob.a088307

Pufal G, Steffan-Dewenter I, Klein A-M (2017) Crop pollination services at the landscape scale. Current Opinion in Insect Science 21:91–97. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cois.2017.05.021 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cois.2017.05.021

Ray JD, Kilen TC, Abel CA, Paris RL (2003) Soybean natural cross-pollination rates under field conditions. Environmental Biosafety Research 2:133–138. https://doi.org/10.1051/ebr:2003005 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1051/ebr:2003005

Robacker DC, Meeuse BJD, Erickson EH (1988) Floral Aroma: How far will plants go to attract pollinators? BioScience 38:390–398. https://doi.org/10.2307/1310925 DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/1310925

Roubik DW (1995) Pollination of cultivated plants in the tropics. FAO, Rome.

Rust RW, Mason CE, Erickson EH (1980) Wild bees on soybeans, Glycine max. Environmental Entomology 9:230–232. https://doi.org/10.1093/ee/9.2.230 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/ee/9.2.230

Santone A, Mazzei MP, Vesprini J, Torres C, Amarilla LD, Galetto L (2022) Pollination service and soybean yields. Acta Oecologica 116:103846. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actao.2022.103846 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actao.2022.103846

Santos E, Mendoza Y, Vera M, Carrasco-Letelier L, Díaz S, Invernizzi C (2013) Aumento en la producción de semillas de soja (Glycine max) empleando abejas melíferas (Apis mellifera). Agrociencia (Uruguay) 17:81–90. https://doi.org/10.31285/AGRO.17.518 DOI: https://doi.org/10.31285/AGRO.17.518

Schuh RT, Hewson-Smith S, Ascher JS (2010) Specimen Databases: A Case Study in Entomology using Web-based Software. American Entomologist 56:206–216. https://doi.org/10.1093/ae/56.4.206 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/ae/56.4.206

Severson DW, Erickson EH (1984) Quantitative and qualitative variation in floral nectar of soybean cultivars in Southeastern Missouri. Environmental Entomology 13:1091-1096. https://doi.org/10.1093/ee/13.4.1091 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/ee/13.4.1091

Singh SR, Emden HFV (1979) Insect pests of grain legumes. Annual Review of Entomology 24:255–278. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.en.24.010179.001351 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.en.24.010179.001351

Talukdar A, Shivakumar M (2012) Pollination without emasculation: an efficient method of hybridization in soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merrill). Current Science 103:628–630. https://www.jstor.org/stable/24088793

Turnipseed SG, Kogan M (1976) Soybean Entomology. Annual Review of Entomology 21:247–282. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.en.21.010176.001335 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.en.21.010176.001335

Van Roekel RJ, Purcell LC, Salmerón M (2015) Physiological and management factors contributing to soybean potential yield. Field Crops Research 182:86–97. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fcr.2015.05.018 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fcr.2015.05.018

Voora V, Larrea C, Bermúdez S (2020) Global Market Report: Soybeans. https://www.iisd.org/system/files/2020-10/ssi-global-market-report-soybean.pdf (accessed April 2023)

Wheelock MJ, O’Neal ME (2016) Insect Pollinators in Iowa Cornfields: Community Identification and Trapping Method Analysis. PLoS ONE 11. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0143479 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0143479

Willmer P (2011) Pollination and Floral Ecology. Princeton University Press. https://doi.org/10.23943/princeton/9780691128610.001.0001 DOI: https://doi.org/10.23943/princeton/9780691128610.001.0001

Wyenandt A, Vuuren M (2022) Mid-Atlantic commercial vegetable production recommendations, 2022/2023 (Rutgers NJAES). https://njaes.rutgers.edu/pubs/publication.php?pid=e001 (accessed May 2023)

Zelaya PV, Chacoff NP, Aragón R, Blendinger PG (2018) Soybean biotic pollination and its relationship to linear forest fragments of subtropical dry Chaco. Basic and Applied Ecology 32:86–95. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.baae.2018.07.004 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.baae.2018.07.004

Zhao L, Sun H, Peng B, Li J, Wang S, Li M, Zhang W, Zhang J, Wang Y (2009) Pollinator effects on genotypically distinct soybean cytoplasmic male sterile lines. Crop Science 49:2080–2086. https://doi.org/10.2135/cropsci2008.11.0662 DOI: https://doi.org/10.2135/cropsci2008.11.0662

Zuur AF, Ieno EN, Walker N, Saveliev AA, Smith GM (2009) Mixed effects models and extensions in ecology with R. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-87458-6 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-87458-6

Published

2023-12-15

How to Cite

Evans, K., El-Hifnawi, J., Hooks, C., & Espíndola, A. (2023). Benefits of Cross-Pollination in Vegetable Soybean Edamame: Cross-Pollination in Vegetable Soybean Edamame. Journal of Pollination Ecology, 35, 329–340. https://doi.org/10.26786/1920-7603(2023)728

Issue

Section

Articles

Most read articles by the same author(s)

Similar Articles

<< < 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 > >> 

You may also start an advanced similarity search for this article.